Kamis, 29 Januari 2009

Pavlopetri, Kota Tertua di Dunia yang Berada di Bawah Laut

Para geo-arkeologi laut kembali membuat prestasi besar dengan keberhasilannya mengungkap keberadaan kota kuno yang terendam di bawah laut. Kota bernama Pavlopetri di Yunani ini diperkirakan eksis pada jaman perunggu yakni 5000-6000 tahun lalu atau 12000 tahun lebih awal dari yang diperkirakan semula. Yang menarik, jejak keberadaan kota yang tenggelam 4-5 meter di bawah  laut ini masih terlihat jelas, termasuk runtuhan bangunan serta benda-benda peninggalannya seperti tembikar, keramik, dll. 

Para ahli memperkirakan, inilah kota bawah laut tertua di dunia yang berhasil ditemukan. "Diperkirakan kota yang tenggelam ini adalah kota pelabuhan. Hal ini ditandai  dari bangkai kapal yang berada di dekatnya. Penemuan keramik zaman neolitikum, merupakan suatu yang luar biasa. Kota ini dulunya adalah tempat perdagangan barang dan jasa yang maju," ujar.Geo-arkeologi laut Dr Nic Flemming dari National Oceanography Centre, Southampton.

Pavlopetri terletak di kedalaman 3 - 4 meter di bawah air tidak jauh dari pantai berpasir selatan Laconia. Kotanya masih sangat lengkap. Bangunan rumah, jalan, halaman, gedung peribadahan, kuburan, semuanya sudah dipetakan menggunakan perlengkapan 3-D digital yang paling mutakhir. Pavlopetri dulunya diperkirakan berasal dari periode Mycenaean (sekitar 1680-1180 SM), dari masa sejarah Yunani Kuno yang kaya akan kesusasteraan dan mitos. Dari benda-benda tembikar Neolitis yang baru saja ditemukan menunjukkan tempat ini mungkin telah ditempati sejak sedikitnya 2800 SM. Dengan mempelajari tempat bahari penting ini, peneliti berharap untuk dapat lebih mengerti tentang peninggalan dari masyarakat Yunani Zaman Perunggu.

Proyek pengungkapan kota ini  dilaksanakan oleh suatu tim multidisipliner, termasuk Dr Flemming, yang dipimpin oleh Mr Elias Spondylis, Ephorate dari Underwater Antiquities dari Kementerian Kebudayaan Hellenic di Yunani dan Dr Jon Henderson, seorang arkeolog bawah air dari Departemen Arkeologi di Universitas Nottingham. Kota kuno bawah air ini pertama kali ditemukan pada tahun 1967 oleh Flemming, kemudian di National Institute of Oceanography. Ia dulu memperkirakan kota itu berasal pada jaman perunggu 2000 BC. Flemming kemudian bergabung dengan tim dari Cambridge University pada1968, untuk melakukan penelitian.

Hasilnya diterbitkan oleh The British School di Athena pada tahun 1969, namun setelah itu tidak ada tindak lanjutnya. Penelitian itu ‘stag' selama 40 tahun,  Sejak itu tidak ada lagi peneliti yang masuk ke sana untuk mengungkap misteri kota kuno itu. Tahun 70-an Flemming bergabung dengan arkeolog dari University of Nottingham dan Ephorate dari Underwater Antiquities dari Kementerian Kebudayaan Hellenic, kembali memulai penelitian pada situs kuno itu.

"Apa yang kami temukan  di sini adalah sesuatu yang dua atau bahkan tiga ribu tahun lebih tua daripada sebagian besar kota terendam yang telah dipelajari," kata Flemming: "Dan uniknya, kami memiliki  rencana kota yang lengkap, utama jalan-jalan dan semua bangunan domestik. Kita dapat mempelajari bagaimana itu digunakan sebagai pelabuhan, di mana kapal-kapal datang dan bagaimana perdagangan dikelola. " jelasnya. Dr. Jon Henderson, seorang arkeolog dari Universitas Nottingham, bergabung memimpin penelitian dengan Elias Spondylis dari Benda Purbakala Bawah Air Ephorate bagian dari Kementrian Kebudayaan Hellenic di Yunani. Dr. Henderson adalah arkeolog pertama dalam 40 tahun yang mendapat surat izin resmi dari pemerintah Yunani untuk bekerja di sana.

"Hal ini sangat menggairahkan. Saya pernah membaca tentang situs ini ketika saya masih muda dan sulit dipercaya bahwa saya bukan hanya menyelam di sana tetapi juga berkesempatan untuk mengerjakannya. Kemudian kami menemukan sekitar 9.000 meter persegi gedung baru yang baru-baru ini tampak karena pergerakan di pasir, sungguh luar biasa," kata Dr. Henderson.

Rabu, 28 Januari 2009

KOTA BAWAH TANAH DITEMUKAN DI MESIR

Tim arkeolog Austria berhasil mendapatkan foto sketsa kota bawah tanah di Mesir dengan menggunakan teknik pemetaan radar (radar imaging). Departemen Barang Antik Mesir mengatakan para arkeolog berusaha memecahkan misteri kota bawah tanah tersebut.

Mesir sempat dikuasai oleh Hyksos, kaum petarung dari Asia, selama seabad dari 1664-1569 sebelum masehi. Mereka diketahui membuat pusat kota di sekitar wilayah muara sungai bagian utara Mesir.

Irene Mueller, kepala tim ekspedisi Austria menjelaskan tujuan utama dari projek ini adalah mengetahui sampai sejauh mana kota bawah tanah berujung. Imej radar menunjukkan sketsa kasar sejumlah ruas jalan, rumah, dan kuil. Peradaban hilang ini berada di bawah kota modern Tel al-Dabaa.

Seorang arkeolog, Zahi Hawass menghimbau teknik non-invasif adalah cara terbaik untuk menguak tabir kota bawah tanah ini. Pasalnya, kawasan muara sungai Mesir dipadati ratusan ribu penduduk, membuat penggalian sulit dilakukan. Tim arkeolog Austria telah terjun dalam projek ini sejak 1975.

Selasa, 27 Januari 2009

15 TALLEST SKYSCRAPERS

1. BURJ KHALIFA

 

In the United Arab Emirates, its currently the tallest building in the world






2. TAIPEI 101



In Taipei, Taiwan, was the tallest buildings in the world until it was overtaken by
Burj Khalifa.





3. THE SANGHAI WORLD FINANCIAL CENTER
    Is the tallest building in the People's Republic of China and has the tallest observation deck in the world.

4. THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE CENTRE OF HONGKONG
Is currently the 4th tallest  buildings in the world. The top 15 floors are occupied by Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, this hotel will be world's tallest 6-star grand hotel, replacing Park Hyatt Shanghai Hotel located in Shanghai World Financial Center.

5. THE PETRONAS TWIN TOWERS

 
 In Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, were the world's tallest's buildings from 1998 to 2004.






6. CHICAGO'S WILLIS TOWER
    Has been the tallest building in the United States since 1973.

7.  JIN MAO TOWER
     In Shanghai, China is one of the tallest buildings in the world.

8. EMPIRE STATE BUILDING


In New York, United States, was the tallest building in the world from 1931 to 1972.





9. Q1

 In Gold Coast, Australia, is the world's tallest residential Building.




10. THE US BANK TOWER
       In Los Angeles, United States, is the tallest building in the west of the Mississipi River.

11.  THE NORTHEAST ASIA TRADE TOWER
Tropped-out in Songdo International City, Incheon Free Economic Zone, is the tallest building in South Korea.

12.  THE YOKOHAMA LAND MARK TOWER
       Is the tallest building in Japan.

13.  THE BANK OF AMERICA PLAZA
       In Atlanta, Georgia, United States, is currently the tallest building in any US capital city at 1023 feet.

14.  THE KINGDOM CENTER
       Is the tallest building in Saudi Arabia.

15.  THE IMPERIAL TOWERS
       In Mumbai, India, completed in 2009 are currently the tallest building in India and South Asia.

Minggu, 25 Januari 2009

MS Study Supports 6.6 Degrees of Connection


With the holidays around the corner, it brought to mind this study and two interviews I did for CTV’s Canada AM and 57News. The interviews center on how technology is bringing the world closer together. There is a MS Instant-Messenger study that suggests there are really Six.Six Degrees of connection between people -- much like the game surrounding “6 Degrees of separation from Kevin Bacon.” The study received wide interest after an article appeared in the Washington Post by Peter Whoriskey.

“With records of 30 billion electronic conversations among 180 million people from around the world, researchers have concluded that any two people on average are distanced by just 6.6 degrees of separation, meaning that they could be linked by a string of seven or fewer acquaintances…The database covered all of the Microsoft Messenger instant-messaging network in June 2006, or roughly half the world's instant-messaging traffic at that time, researchers said.

For the purposes of their experiment, two people were considered to be acquaintances if they had sent one another a text message. The researchers looked at the minimum chain lengths it would take to connect 180 billion different pairs of users in the database. They found that the average length was 6.6 steps and that 78 percent of the pairs could be connected in seven hops or less.”

Sabtu, 24 Januari 2009

Bestselling Books in Canada for 2008

BookNet Canada has released their list of bestselling books in Canada for 2008. As with most bestseller lists for the past year, you’ll see that Stephenie Meyer dominates:

Top 5 Overall
1. A New Earth: Awakening to Your Life’s Purpose, Eckhart Tolle
2. Twilight, Stephenie Meyer
3. Breaking Dawn, Stephenie Meyer
4. Eclipse, Stephenie Meyer
5. New Moon, Stephenie Meyer

Top 5 Canadian Authored
1. A New Earth: Awakening to Your Life’s Purpose, Eckhart Tolle
2. The Power of Now: A Guide to Spiritual Enlightenment, Eckhart Tolle
3. The Shack: Where Tragedy Confronts Eternity, William Paul Young
4. The Book of Negroes, Lawrence Hill
5. Late Nights on Air, Elizabeth Hay

Jumat, 23 Januari 2009

MAJOR RELIGIONS OF THE WORLD


Ranked by Number of Adherents :

1. Christianity : 2.1 billion
2. Islam : 1.5 billion  
3. Secular/Nonreligious/Agnostic/Atheistt: 1.1 billion
4. Hinduism : 900 million          
5. Chinese traditional religion: 394 million
6. Buddhism : 376 million
7. Primal-indigenous: 300 million
8. African Traditional & Diasporic: 100 million
9. Sikhism: 23 million
10.Juche : 19 million
11.Spiritism : 15 million
12.Judaism : 14 million
13.Baha'i : 7 million
14.Jainism: 4.2 million
15.Shinto : 4 million
16.Cao Dai : 4 million
17.Zoroastrianism : 2.6 million
18.Tenrikyo : 2 million
19.Neo-Paganism : 1 million
20.Unitarian-Universalism : 800 thousand
21.Rastafarianism : 600 thousand
22.Scientology : 500 thousand  

POLUSI UDARA GANGGU TUMBUH KEMBANG JANIN

Polusi udara dari kendaraan bermotor bisa mengganggu pertumbuhan dan perkembangan janin dan mengakibatkan berat badan lahir rendah . Para ibu hamil dianjurkan menghindari polusi udara. "Jika ibu hamil menderita penyakit akibat polusi udara, akan mempengaruhi suplai makanan pada bayi," kata dr Rinawati Rohsiswatmo dari Divisi Neonatal-RS Cipto Mangunkusumo.

Rina menjelaskan, masalah berat badan lahir rendah berdampak buruk pada kesehatan bayi. Salah satunya, bayi beresiko mengalami serangan akut seperti hipertemia dan tidak bisa bernapas normal. Dalam jangka panjang, hal itu bisa menghambat perkembangan otak.
Hasil studi di Amerika Serikat, tingginya polusi dari asap kendaraan bermotor pada ibu di awal dan akhir kehamilan bisa menyebabkan janin tidak tumbuh baik sehingga bayi lahir dengan berat sangat rendah. Studi itu melibatkan 336.000 bayi baru lahir sebagai subyek penelitian di New Jersey tahun 1999-2003. Para peneliti dari Universiti of Medicine and Dentistry di New Jersey itu memakai informasi akta kelahiran dan data rumah sakit. Mereka merekam data para ibu hamil, termasuk etnik, status pernikahan, pendidikan, perokok atau bukan, dan tempat tinggal bayi saat lahir.

Para ilmuwan juga mengambil data Badan Perlindungan Lingkungan Amerika Serikat tentang polusi udara dari titik pemantauan dengan radius 10 km di seluruh penjuru New Jersey. Data itu untuk memantau polusi udara terhadap para ibu pada trisemester pertama kehamilan dari rumah ke tempat kerja.  Hasil studi itu menunjukan, dibandingkan dengan ibu yang memiliki bayi berbobot tubuh lahir normal, para ibu yang melahirkan bayi dengan berat badan lahir rendah dan sangat rendah ternyata berusia lebih muda, tingkat pendidikan rendah, etnik Afro-Amerika, perokok, miskin, dan orang tua tunggal.

Ada dua jenis polusi kendaraan bermotor yang berdampak pada pertumbuhan janin, yaitu partikel hitam dan nitrogen dioksida. Dua jenis polusi itu bisa masuk paru-paru dan menganggu fungsi organ tersebut.

Kamis, 22 Januari 2009

HOW TO ALWAYS BE SMART?

After finishing school, or on vacation, you feel nothing else sharpen your thinking skills. No need worried, as quoted from Yahoo Shine, the following was an easy way enough to make you more intelligent.

1. Relax, according to research at the California Institute of Technology, when we relax, the brain memory to work with more baik.Bersantai According to research at the California Institute of Technology, when we relax, our brain's memory works better. Take a few minutes each day to cool off, even meditate.

2. Create a plan of research shows that people often make plans and look forward to future events, have Alzheimer's risk 50% lower. Do not worry if you are not a full calendar schedule to save the world. Plan get-togethers with my friends (and do) each week is also sufficient.

3. Stroll glucose concentration increases, even though not yet signed in diabetes levels, can disrupt the brain that stores memories. Research from Columbia University suggested we do physical activity like walking can help lower blood sugar levels.

4. Berries have a compound called anthocyanin which helps the communication between brain cells and improve memory, said Robert Krikorian, PhD, professor pskiatris and neuron science at the University of Cincinnati.

5. Learn something new. A study at the university Irvine finds brain stimulation reduces the effects of aging mind. So. take Spanish language classes, learning, sewing, or playing poker now!

Rabu, 21 Januari 2009

RANK OF MILITARY POWER


1.U.S.A.  
Active Military Personnel : 1,385,122
Total Aircraft : 18,169
Total Navy Ships : 1,559
Total Land-Based Weapons : 29,920
         

2.CHINA
Active Military Personnel : 2,255,000
Total Aircraft : 1,900
Total Navy Ships : 760
Total Land-Based Weapons : 31,300




3.RUSSIA
Active Military Personnel : 1,245,000
Total Aircraft : 3,888
Total Navy Ships : 526
Total Land-Based Weapons : 79,985

4.INDIA
Active Military Personnel : 1,325,000
Total Aircraft : 1,007
Total Navy Ships : 143
Total Land-Based Weapons : 10,340

5.U.K.
Active Military Personnel : 195,000
Total Aircraft : 1,891
Total Navy Ships : 139
Total Land-Based Weapons : 5,121

6.FRANCE
Active Military Personnel : 225,000
Total Aircraft : 1,023
Total Navy Ships : 134
Total Land-Based Weapons : 8,536

7.GERMANY
Active Military Personnel : 250,000
Total Aircraft : 350
Total Navy Ships : 130
Total Land-Based Weapons : 5,699 

8.BRAZIL
Active Military Personnel : 287,000
Total Aircraft : 1,272
Total Navy Ships : 89
Total Land-Based Weapons : 1,676

9.JAPAN
Active Military Personnel : 239,000
Total Aircraft : 1,957
Total Navy Ships : 147
Total Land-Based Weapons : 2,040 

10.TURKEY
Active Military Personnel : 514,000
Total Aircraft : 1,199
Total Navy Ships : 182
Total Land-Based Weapons : 6,672 

11.ISRAEL
Active Military Personnel : 187,000
Total Aircraft : 1,230
Total Navy Ships : 18
Total Land-Based Weapons : 14,200

12.SOUTH KOREA
Active Military Personnel : 687,000
Total Aircraft : 538
Total Navy Ships : 85
Total Land-Based Weapons : 8,325

13.ITALY
Active Military Personnel : 240,000
Total Aircraft : 1,594
Total Navy Ships : 107
Total Land-Based Weapons : 3,355 

14.INDONESIA
Active Military Personnel : 316,000
Total Aircraft : 313
Total Navy Ships : 111
Total Land-Based Weapons : 2,122
 
15.PAKISTAN
Active Military Personnel : 650,000
Total Aircraft : 710
Total Navy Ships : 33
Total Land-Based Weapons : 3,919




                                       

Selasa, 20 Januari 2009

OLDEST COUNTRY IN THE WORLD

3200 BC MESOPOTAMIA
The whole of present day western Iran came under the influence of the Proto-Elamite's and they had their capital at Susa. This dynasty had a great influence on other dynasties which followed and over time the first Iranian empire was established by the Indo-European Medes and they ruled till about 550 BC. The modern day Iran was set up on February 11,1979 after the struggle to overthrow the Pahlavi dynasty.

3100 BC EGYPT
It was Pharaoh Narmer who is credited with unification of upper and lower regions of present day Egypt in 3100 BC. There were several conquests and subsequent change of regimes in ancient Egypt, and later due to a series of events led to the British conquering large parts of the country. Over the years, the people of Egypt struggled for freedom from the and eventually on February28, 1922, the country was declared independent.
 
2879 BC VIETNAM
The rise of the Van Lang tribe in 2879 BC led to the formation of Vietnam as a single country. Regime change continued over the centuries and was later ruled by the Japanese rulers, who later left the country after the Second World War on September 2, 1945.
 
2333 BC KOREA
Historical records say that it was in 2333 BC that Korea was founded By King Dangum. In the latter centuries the country was divided and reunified several times, besides being invaded by the Russians and Mongols. The Japanese ruled the country from 1910 till the end of the Second World War, after which Korea was divided into two different countries - North Korea and South Korea.
 
2070 BC CHINA
One of the oldest countries in the world, China was first founded by Xia Dynasty and it was in 221 BC that the Qin Dynasty unified most parts of present day China and it was only in 1949 that the Republic of China came into existence in its current form.
 
337 BC GREECE
The country was unified for the first time in 337 BC under King Philip II of Macedon. The modern day republican form of government in Greece was formed in 1821.
 
322 BC INDIA
Majority of the Indian subcontinent comprising most parts of present day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh was unified by Emperor Chandragupta Maurya of the Maurya Dynasty in 322 BC. The next several centuries saw several dynasties come and go, and the last rulers of present day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh were the British, before India and Pakistan (Bangladesh was included as a part of Pakistan) gained independence and later declared republic.
 
 

Senin, 19 Januari 2009

Genetic Discovery Helps Brain Treatment

British researchers discovered genetic mechanism in the formation of neural networks that they say one day become a new treatment for stroke, Alzheimer's disease or brain tumors. In a research note in the journal "Nature Neuroscience," the researchers found the gene, called Sox9, a key to the development of neural stem cells in the human embryo - the primary cells that will form the brain or spinal tissue. In experiments on mice, they found that the use of these genes may initiate the development of stem cells, increasing the potential for the future in order to replace or renew the damaged brain cells in humans.

"By knowing that Sox9 gene plays a central role in the development of neural networks, we are getting closer to having the ability to control stem cells in the brain and grow several other types of nerve cells," said James Briscoe of the Medical Research Council UK, who led the research.

"The ability to correct the nerve cells are damaged can be a big leap in the millions of people with Alzheimer's, brain tumors associated with stem cells or stroke patients," Briscoe said in a statement, although the need for many more years before pengobatann to humans can be developed.
Human embryo begins to form a network of nerves two weeks after conception, it is clear the research team.
From that point until about five weeks, the neural network largely made ​​up of neuroepithelial cells, which grow quickly and form the foundation of the brain and spinal cord. After this phase, various types of nerves and supporting cells that form the main neural network began to emerge. These cells derived from stem cells.
 
In their study, the team found that Sox9 is required Briscoe neuroepithelial cells to turn into stem cells itu.Sel it will always be needed to make the adult brain retain the ability, like the ability to renew themselves and distinguish themselves.

 The research team also found that a gene called "Shh" Sox9 is required in order to work. Artificially add Sox9 or Shh into neuroepithelial cells on embryonic mice, researchers can begin the process of changing these cells into neural stem cells.
 
They also find, if there is a genetic disorder in Sox9, will become more difficult for rats to be able to renew the damaged nerve cells in the future. Potentials in various types of stem cells to the attention of many experts around the world for various diseases. But the technology is still considered controversial, partly because some application of stem cells taken from embryos or fetuses.