World’s largest encyclopedia

The word encyclopedia comes from two Greek words meaning “a circle of learning.” The oldest known encyclopedia was written in Greece about 2000 years ago. It’s no longer in existence. The oldest encyclopedia in existence was written in the 1st century by Roman scholar Gaius Plinius Secundus (Pliny the Elder). His encyclopaedia, called Natural History, has 37 volumes.

The largest ever encyclopedia is the Yung-Lo Ta-Tien encyclopedia. It was commissioned in 1403 by Emperor Yongle and is also known as the Yongle Encyclopedia. Written by 2000 writers, it was completed in 1408 and bound in 11,095 volumes, of which some 400 volumes survived.

10 Tembok Yang Paling Bersejarah Di Dunia

10. Tembok Berlin – Jerman

Tembok ini berdiri kokoh di kota Berlin selama 28 tahun, sebagai pengingat akan kejadian mengerikan selama Perang Dingin. Tembok ini seakan adalah bentuk nyata dari “Tirai Besi”. Tembok ini berdiri mulai tahun 1921 sampai dengan em1989 yang berakhir dengan dihancurkannya tembok ini sebagai tindakan nyata dari berakhirnya Perang Dingin. November 2009 ini adalah perayaan 20 tahun berakhirnya kekuasaan “teguh” tembok pemisah ini.

9. Tembok Kremlin – Moskwa

  

Tembok dari bata merah yang satu ini malah sudah berdiri selama 700 tahun. Panjang tembok ini mencapai 1,4 mil dan mengelilingi Lapangan Merah. Ada empat gerbang dari zaman abad pertengahan yang masih berdiri kokoh dengan 20 menara di sepanjang tembok ini. Di dalam tembok ini terdapat mausoleum tempat bersemayam jenazah para pemimpin tertinggi Rusia seperti Stalin dan Brezhnev.

8. Tembok Barat – Yerusalem

Tembok yang dikenal juga dengan nama Tembok Ratapan ini, memiliki berbagai sejarah unik. Tembok yang dikenal sebagai al-Buraq ini adalah tempat dimana Nabi Muhammad memelihara kuda-kuda miliknya. Sementara umat Yahudi menganggap bahwa tembok ini adalah tembok untuk meratapi kehancuran Sinagog Yahudi.

7. Tzompantli – Meksiko

Di reruntuhan Chichen Itza, Anda akan menemukan tembok Tzompantli, atau Tembok Tengkorak. Sejarah tembok ini memang menyeramkan, di zaman suku Maya berkuasa, tengkorak korban ritual diletakkan di dalam tembok ini. Tembok ini sendiri dihiasi dengan relief-relief tengkorak dan juga berbagai gambar mengenai ritual yang ada pada masa tersebut.

6. Tembok Hadrian – Inggris

Tembok ini dibangun di abad ke dua karena kaisar Romawi pada saat itu, Hadrian, sudah bosan berperang. Tembok yang dibangun membentang dari Laut Utara sampai ke Laut Irlandia dan pada saat itu, tembok tersebut merupakan batas dari kekaisaran Romawi.

5. Medinet Habu – Mesir

Tembok yang dikenal sebagai Medinet Habu ini adalah tembok terakhir yang berdiri dari Kuil Persemayaman Ramsses III. Tembok ini dibangun pada abad 12 SM. Tinggi tembok ini mencapai 60 kaki (hampir 18 meter) dan dipenuhi dengan 75.000 kaki persegi hiasan dan relief sejarah

4. Tembok Besar- China

Pembangunan tembok ini dimulai pada tahun 221 SM dan terus berkembang sampai 17 Abad. Tembok yang baru ditemukan “patahan” yang selama ini tersembunyi ini akhirnya memiliki panjang 4.000 mil. Sebagian besar tembok ini pernah digunakan oleh para atlet balap sepeda selama Olimpiade Musim panas 2008.

3. Santa Maria delle Grazie – Italia

Mungkin Anda tidak pernah mendengar namanya. Tapi Anda pasti tahu mengenai lukisan “Makan Malam Terakhir” karya Leonardo Da Vinci. Lukisan dinding (mural) buatan Leonardo ini dibuat di tembok ini. Lukisan “Makan Malam Terakhir” ini diselesaikan pada 1498. Walaupun sebagian besar tembok biara ini hancur pada 1943, tapi tembok yang satu ini sama sekali tidak tersentuh!

2. Monster Hijau – Boston

Para pecinta olahraga tidak akan melupakan tembok setinggi 37 kaki (10 meter) yang dinamakan Green Monster di Fenway Park, Boston. Tembok yang pernah hancur pada 1934 karena kebakaran, kembali dibangun dan terus diperbaharui. Tembok ini sekarang dibangun dengan dilapisi plastik keras dengan dihiasi papan angka model kuno, sebagai kenangan atas masa lalu.

1. Tembok Memorial Veteran Vietnam, Washington, AS

Tembok yang satu ini memang bukan tembok tertua, tapi setidaknya tembok ini selalu dikunjungi banyak orang tiap tahun. Tembok ini selesai dibangun pada 1982 dan ditorehkan lebih dari 58.000 tentara Amerika yang gugur atau hilang selama operasi di Vietnam pada 1959 sampai 1975. Beberapa tembok menyenangkan, beberapa yang lain mempesona, bahkan membuat kita bertanya-tanya, tapi setidaknya, apapun yang Anda rasakan ketika mengunjungi tembok ini, setidaknya kunjungan itu tidak akan terlupakan begitu saja.

The World’s Number 1 Killer

Heart disease is the number 1 killer for both males and females. It kills a lot more people than ALL forms of cancer tumors put together. In fact, it kills more people than war or accidents. Cardiovascular diseases and ischemic heart disease cause more than 40% of all deaths, according to the World Health Organization.

And it is an equal opportunity destroyer. Everyone, everywhere, every time can have a cardiac arrest [1].

Introducing the latest Misconceptions In Heart Problems… The World’s No. 1 Killer:

Myth #1: Solely mature persons need to be concerned about their heart.

What could certainly cause heart disease build up over the years. Being a couch-potato, boredom, over-eating and simply not doing any exercise are typical improper habits that might begin in childhood. Increasingly more medical doctors are starting to have sufferers of heart attacks in their 20′s and 30′s in place of sufferers generally in their 50′s and 60′s.

Becoming fit and at the proper body weight is not going to make you immune to heart attacks. Though, both exercising regularly and keeping the right body weight helps. You still need to check your blood cholesterol and blood pressure levels. A really good blood cholesterol (or lipid profile) range is below 200. A good blood pressure is 120/80.

Myth #2: I’d feel unwell if I had high blood pressure levels or high cholesterol levels.

They call these “silent killers” because they exhibit NO signals. 30% of all adults have hypertension. Of those, one-third do not know they’ve it.

High cholesterol is a way of measuring the fats maintained through your bloodstream. Fats may be dropped anywhere in your system, but tend to congregate around internal organs. As well as your heart. This predisposition may run in families. So, even if you are at a good body weight and do not smoke cigarettes, have your cholesterol and blood pressure checked on a regular basis. One check will not be sufficient [2].

Myth #3: Both males and females DON’T experience the same signals.

Women and men CAN have the same indicators, however they usually do not. Females have a propensity to have the subtler signs while males more often have the type of heart attacks you can view in the films. But, both gender CAN have any signs or symptoms.

These subtler warning signs, for example jaw achiness, nausea or vomiting, breathlessness and extreme fatigue, are more likely to get identified away. “My jaw hurt merely because my lunchtime sandwich was on whole-grain bread and I was forced to chew very, very hard,” or , while clutching their stomach, “I should not have had that additional piece of pizza.” “Half of females do not have chest pain in anyway,” announces Kathy Magliato, a heart surgeon at California’s St. John’s Health Center. Put all the little signals together and listen to your system.

Evidently, women and men might experience the “grab-your-chest-and-fall-down-gasping” type of cardiac arrest, but now you know, that isn’t the only way.

Myth #4: Assuming that my sugar level is in check, Type 2 diabetes is not a heart threat.

While keeping your sugar level with a proper range (80ml-120ml) keeps you healthier, just having the additional glucose in your body takes its toll on arteries. You’ll need exercising and eating much healthier to help take control of your Type II diabetes, but don’t forget to check your blood pressure and bad cholesterol, too.

Myth #5: My doctor would order tests if I were vulnerable to heart disease.

Sometimes, we all ignore to tell the doctor the little aches we’re feeling. The physicians, not knowing most of the things we think as unimportant, might pass over heart exams.

“Mammograms and Colonoscopies are routinely recommended by doctors,” says Merdod Ghafouri, a cardiologist at Inova Fairfax Medical center in Virginia, [3] “and are very important, but heart scans commonly are not normally performed.” A heart scan can identify plaque build-up in your arteries before you even discover you’ve got a problem.

Do you have the motor oil pressure and transmission liquid verified in your vehicle? Have other precautionary service done? Doesn’t your only heart require as much attention as your auto?

Supplemental information about Heart Disease:

- [1] Family Doctor by American Academy of Family Physicians provides trusted medical info and resources for patients. They have a good post covering bad cholesterol and arteries.

- [2] Cholesterol Lowering Diets is a non-profits site that presents free details for men and women who need to eat healthy and manage their dangerous cholesterol ranges trough diet. They provide a decent report to help folks to eat healthy and lower cholesterol naturally fast.

- [3] Health Central is one of the most trusted resources for clinical information and up to date stories that feature a doctor-authorized health encyclopedia of health issues and conditions.

What are the smartest animals on planet Earth?

Intelligence has been defined as the ability to achieve complex goals in complex environments. Some animals clearly are better than this at others. Humans are the smartest animals on the planet. Even some of the least intelligent humans can solve problems no animal could hope to.

Aside from humans, what are the smartest animals? The animal most often cited are chimps, followed by the other Great Apes (gorillas and orangutans). Jane Goodall, a primatologist famous for her 45-year study of Tanzanian chimp social and family life, made a list of five of the smartest animals:

 

1. Great Apes, which have learned parts of ASL (American Sign Language), and even taught it to each other. Furthermore, some Great Apes have been able to perform some basic functions on specially-designed computer programs, including solving certain problems involving colored shapes.

 

2. Whales and dolphins (cetaceans) are probably the smartest animals in the aquatic world. Like humans, cetaceans are capable of creating a mental image of and communicating with their fellows at great distances, using echolocation and special clicking noises. Some of these “songs” can be quite complex, and humans are at a loss to describe what they mean, though what has been uncovered is a testament to the animals’ intelligence. 

3. Elephants are the third of the smartest animals on Goodall’s list. Like cetaceans, elephants can communicate over great distances using low frequencies only their bulky heads can produce. As the phrase goes, “an elephant never forgets”, and it’s true that the memory of these animals is remarkable. Elephants even have death rituals, where they “grieve” over their dead companions, showing a surprising amount of empathy for a non-human animal.


4. Another group of smart animals, the only on the list that isn’t a mammal , are parrots. Parrots are an order of birds that strongly pursue the “K selection strategy,” meaning the strategy of their species is one of quality, not quantity. According to Goodall, one parrot, N’kisi, knows 971 words, where “know” is defined as using the word five times independently in proper context — not just repeating what humans said. Parrots are capable of making comments and initiating short conversations.










5. The last on the list of smartest animals are the dogs and cats. To anyone with a dog or cat, their relative intelligence is obvious. They can understand the way a human feels by their facial expressions and tone of voice. Both dogs and cats can be trained to perform complex tasks in numerous ways, even potty-trained, but dogs are clearly more inclined to take orders from humans.

Among the invertebrates , octopuses are often cited as the most intelligent. Pigs are another intelligent group, as are squirrels. Scientists are just beginning to learn the ins and outs of animal intelligence, and much more remains to be learned.