Bakteri Pneumokokus Kebal Antibiotik

Bakteri pneumokokus yang dapat menimbulkan beberapa penyakit

berat pada bayi, ternyata kebal terhadap banyak antibiotik. Jika bayi sudah terkena bakteri pneumokokus akan sangat sulit pengobatannya.

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) atau pneumokokus adalah bakteri yang paling umum menyebabkan meningitis (radang selaput otak) pada bayi ataupun anak-anak.

Jenis bakteri ini juga dapat menyebabkan penyakit berat seperti infeksi pneumonia (radang paru), bakteremia dan sepsis (bakteri dalam darah), serta infeksi telinga dan rongga hidung (sinus).

Meningitis, bakteremia dan pneumonia adalah momok bagi bayi dan balita. Penyakit akibat bakteri pneumokokus ini merupakan pembunuh terbesar bayi dan balita di dunia (WHO, Juni 2003).

Bakteri pneumokokus hidup dan diam di tenggorokan individu yang sehat, baik bayi, balita dan orang dewasa. Bila daya tahan tubuh tidak kuat, terutama pada bayi, bakteri tersebut akan masuk ke dalam tubuh menuju paru (menyebabkan pneumonia), darah (bakteremia, sepsis) dan otak (meningitis).

"Bakteri ini menjadi sangat ganas karena tubuhnya dilindungi oleh semacam kapsul yang resisten (kebal) terhadap banyak antibiotik," ujar Dr Hardiono Pusponegoro, Sp.A(K), Staf Divisi Syaraf Anak Departemen Ilmu Kesehatan Anak FKUI-RSCM, dalam acara Konferensi Media tentang Hari Meningitis Sedunia yang bertema “Jangan Ambil Risiko, Ajak Setiap Ibu untuk Melindungi Buah Hatinya”, Jakarta, Kamis (22/4/2010).

Apabila tenggorokan bermasalah atau mengalami gangguan, bakteri pneumokokus akan masuk ke tubuh, dan sistem kekebalan tubuh kita tidak mampu melawannya, bahkan dengan antibiotik sekalipun.

Bakteri ini sangat mudah menyebar dan ditularkan melalui udara ketika batuk, bersin, juga melalui percikan ludah.

Setiap bayi berisiko tertular bakteri pneumokokus sejak mereka dilahirkan, yaitu 60 persen dari saudara kandung dan 12 persen dari ibu. Hal inilah yang menyebabkan banyaknya kematian bayi dan balita karena penyakit pneumokokus.

Menurut Dr Soedjatmiko, Sp.A(K), M.Si, Sekretaris Satgas Imunisasi PP-IDAI dan Ahli Tumbuh Kembang Anak dari Departemen Ilmu Kesehatan Anak FKUI-RSCM, upaya pencegahan yang dapat dilakukan yaitu:

Nutrisi
Dengan pemberian ASI, makanan lengkap dan seimbang, vitamin A, Zinc, dan lainnya.

Perilaku hidup sehat

1. Tutup mulut atau hidung ketika batuk dan bersin
2. Hindari mencium bayi dengan mulut
3. Hindari infeksi virus berulang (flu berulang-ulang)
4. Hindari polusi seperti asap rokok dan asap dapur

Vaksinasi dan imunisasi

1. Dengan rutin imunisasi: BCG, DTP, Campak, Hib, Influenza
2. Serta yang penting vaksinasi pneumokokus: PCV 7 dan PCV 13

The Fastest Growing Religion

By percentage growth the fastest growing religions in the world are the smaller religions. This is because with a smaller sample size, every additional adherent accounts for a higher percentage increase.

Therefore, by percentage growth we are uncertain what the fastest growing religions in the world are. However, logically speaking with statistics in mind by percentage growth the larger religions including Christianity (2.2 Billion Adherents), Islam (1.3 Billion) and Hinduism (900 million) are the least likely to be the fastest by percentage growth. An example to illustrate this point is Deism in the United States of America. Although in the period of 1990-2000 it experienced a growth rate of 717% the amount of new followers was very small and the large percentage increase is attributed to a smaller sample size.

The alternative measure for fastest growing religion in the world is growth by the number of new adherents. That is, the religion to gain more new believers each period would be the fastest growing religion.

As it stands the fastest growing religion by this measure is Christianity. Using the most up to date figures we determine that on average in 2007 Christianity gained 7-8million more adherents than any other religion (i.e. Islam, followed by Hinduism at 17million less).

In conclusion, the fastest growing religion by percentage growth is unknown as smaller religions are not usually account for. By number of new adherents per period Christianity is the fastest growing religion.
A side note, any argument that a religion is true because it is the largest or fastest growing is a logical fallacy. The amount of adherents or growth rate does not imply validity.

Christianity in Africa

Christianity is now one of the two most widely practised religions in Africa, with most adherents outside Ethiopia and Eritrea being Roman Catholic or Protestant. The presence of Christianity in Africa began in the middle of the 1st century in Egypt, and by the end of the 2nd century in the region around Carthage. Important Africans who influenced the early development of Christianity includes Tertullian, Clement of Alexandria, Origen of Alexandria, Cyprian, Athanasius and Augustine of Hippo.

The later spread of Islam into North Africa reduced the size and numbers of Christian congregations, leaving only the Coptic Church in Egypt and the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (including the Eritrean Orthodox Church) in the Horn of Africa. The latter professes its own distinctive customs, a unique canon of the Bible, and a distinctive architecture illustrated by the structures of Axum, Debre Damo and Lalibela. It is the one community of Christians in sub-Saharan Africa which is not the product of European missionary work, but can document its foundation prior to any European countries.

Christianity is embraced by the majority of the population in most Southern and Central, as well as in some Eastern and West African nations.^{[citation needed]} In North Africa, Coptic Christians make a significant minority in Egypt. According to the World Book Encyclopedia, it was estimated in 2002 that Christians form 40% of Africa's population, with Muslims forming 45%. Overall, in a relatively short time Africa has gone from having a majority of followers of African traditional religions, to being predominantly a continent of Christians and Muslims - as these two Abrahamic religions spread rapidly at the expense of indigenous African religions.

Islam in US

From the 1880s to 1914, several thousand Muslims immigrated to the United States from the Ottoman Empire, and from parts of South Asia; they did not form distinctive settlements, and probably most assimilated into the wider society.

Once very small, the Muslim population of the US increased greatly in the 20th century, with much of the growth driven by rising immigration and conversion, and a comparatively high birth rate. In 2005, more people from Islamic countries became legal permanent United States residents — nearly 96,000 — than in any year in the previous two decades.

American Muslims come from various backgrounds, and are one of the most racially diverse religious group in the United States according to a 2009 Gallup poll. Native-born American Muslims are mainly African Americans who make up 24% of the total Muslim population. Many of these have converted to Islam during the last seventy years. Conversion to Islam in prison, and in large urban areas has also contributed to its growth over the years. South Asian immigrants (from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh) make up 26% of the Muslim population, and Arabs make up 26% of the population. The remaining 24% percent is from other groups. 

Polri Mitra FPI

Kepolisian RI menyatakan hubungannya dengan Front Pembela Islam (FPI) hanya sebatas mitra kerja. Hal itu diungkapkan menyikapi situs pembocor kawat diplomatik, Wikileaks yang memaparkan mengenai hubungan antara polisi dengan ormas Front Pembela Islam (FPI).

"Hubungan Polri dengan FPI adalah hubungan penegak hukum dengan kelompok masyarakat. Polri melayani masyarakat tentu mereka adalah mitra kami dalam hal menegakkan nilai hukum," ujar Kabag Penum Polri, Kombes Pol Boy Rafli Amar ketika dihubungi, Minggu (4/9/2011).

Boy menyatakan selama ini bila oknum masyarakat yang melanggar hukum secara personal dan kelompok akan diadili dengan proses hukum yang berlaku. "Silakan lihat sendiri apa yang pernah ada. Kalau ada yang keliru dari orang-orang yang melakukan pelanggaran, penegakkan hukum tetap berjalan," kata dia.

Boy menambahkan tidak melakukan tebang pilih dalam melakukan penegakan hukum."Baik pribadi ataupun kelompok kami proses hukum, kita tidak ada tebang pilih. Coba diingat-ingat lagi, apakah Polri pernah tidak melakukan proses hukum terhadap oknum-oknum yang melanggar hukum," pungkasnya.

Diketahui, telegram rahasia itu mengungkapkan bahwa mantan Kapolri yang kini menjadi Kepala BIN, Jenderal (Purn) Sutanto, adalah tokoh yang telah mendanai FPI. Pendanaan dari Sutanto itu diberikan  sebelum serangan yang dilakukan FPI ke Kedutaan Besar Amerika Serikat di Jakarta, Februari 2006 silam. Namun kemudian Sutanto menghentikan aliran dananya setelah serangan terjadi.

"Yahya Asagaf, seorang pejabat senior BIN mengatakan, Sutanto yang saat itu menjadi Kapolri menganggap FPI bermanfaat sebagai ‘attack dog’,” ungkap telegram rahasia yang dipublikasikan oleh Wikileaks itu.

Saat pejabat kedutaan AS menanyakan manfaat FPI memainkan peran ‘attack dog’ itu, karena sebenarnya polisi sudah cukup menakutkan bagi masyarakat, Yahya menjelaskan bahwa FPI digunakan sebagai ‘alat’ oleh polisi, agar petugas keamanan itu tidak menerima kritik terkait pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia. Disebutkan juga bahwa mendanai FPI adalah sudah tradisi di lingkungan Polri dan BIN.

Kawat diplomatik yang dipublikasikan Wikileaks juga mengatakan bahwa FPI mendapatkan sebagian besar dananya dari petugas keamanan, tetapi mereka harus menghadapi pemotongan dana setelah serangan dilakukan.

Bocoran Wikileaks juga mengatakan bahwa mantan Kapolda Metro Jaya, Komjen (purn) Nugroho Djajusman, sebagai tokoh yang ‘dihormati’ di lingkungan FPI.

South Sudan Republic

South Sudan , officially the Republic of South Sudan, is a landlocked country in East Africa. Its capital and largest city is Juba. South Sudan is bordered by Ethiopia to the east; Kenya to the southeast; Uganda to the south; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the southwest; the Central African Republic to the west; and Sudan to the north. South Sudan includes the vast swamp region of the Sudd formed by the White Nile, locally called the Bahr al Jabal.

What is now South Sudan was part of the British and Egyptian condominium of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and became part of the Republic of the Sudan when independence was achieved in 1956. Following the First Sudanese Civil War, the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region was formed in 1972 and lasted until 1983. A second Sudanese civil war soon developed and ended with the Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 2005. Later that year, southern autonomy was restored when an Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan was formed. South Sudan became an independent state on 9 July 2011. On 14 July 2011, South Sudan became a United Nations member state. It joined the African Union on 28 July 2011. 

South Sudan is one of the poorest countries with possibly the worst health situation in the world.

China Vs Taiwan

Dr. Billy Pan put together some comparisons to highlight the differences between Taiwan and China, which pro-China forces (including the majority of media in Taiwan) would never mention. 

 

1.    The size of population in china is 58 times of that in Taiwan but their total national income is only 10 times greater than Taiwan’s.

2.     Taiwan’s GDP per capita is 5 times more than that of China. Even though China’s economy has been growing rapidly, the gap between Taiwan and China has actually remained the same.

3.     In terms of PPP, Taiwan ranks 39^th in the world whereas China ranks 133^rd.

4.     China’s infant mortality (21.96/1000 live births) is 4 times of that in Taiwan (5.45).

5.     In China, 8% of the population live under the poverty line whereas there’s only 0.95% in Taiwan.

6.     The unemployment in Taiwan was 3.9% when the DPP handed it to the KMT and it’s now over 4% after Ma took over but the unemployment in China is estimated to be between 15-20%.

7.     On average, each individual in Taiwan have 1.06 mobile phones but those in China only have 0.41. In Taiwan, 57% of population have access and use the internet but there’s only 19% in China.

8.     Looking at Gini Index (the level of economic inequality, the greater the figure, the worse the inequality), Taiwan got 33 in 2000 and fell steadily between 2001 and 2006. China got 41 in 2001 and 47 in 2007. Well, inequality in a ‘communist’ regime is greater than a country generally considered ‘capitalist’?

9.     Taiwan’s corruption index is 5.7 but China is only 3.5 (worse). Corruption in China seems to be prevalent.

10.   Most importantly, Taiwan’s press freedom is 10, which ranks 32^nd in the world but China is only 89, which is the 163^rd place in the world and only better than 6 other countries. In other words, there’s literally NO press freedom in China!

11.   On average, 550,000 Taiwanese share an airport but in China, 2,840,000 people share an airport.

12.   The life expectancy in Taiwan is 4.6 years longer than in China.

13.   Looking at the Global Competitiveness Index, Taiwan is the 14^th worldwide (5.25) and China comes the 34^th (4.57).

No matter how much China has improved, Taiwan is still ahead of China on various measures. However much China has improved, it’s still a long way to go to bring China to where Taiwan is. The most important point is that not many Taiwanese consider themselves Chinese nor would Taiwanese accept the human rights abuse in China and let go of the freedom and democracy we have fought hard for. Unfortunately, the majority of press in Taiwan are pro-China or even owned by Chinese business and have been exaggerating China’s progress (which is limited to certain areas and certain social circles) and putting Taiwan down whenever they can.

In my personal opinion, if Taiwan were to unify with China, it would be like a teaspoon of coffee mate going into a big pot of black coffee. I am not convinced that Taiwan would be allowed to follow the HK model because there’s no one else to impress or lure with the HK model after Taiwan is also in their bag. In other words, they don’t have to worry about the image the present to Taiwan or to the world anymore. They can do pretty much anything to anyone especially now the Olympics is out of the way. This notion of ‘constructive engagement’ with China has pretty much failed and worse, it has handed the government the wealth and power to justify dictatorship to their people. Sadly, from my interactions with some highly educated Chinese living in the West, it seems that a lot of them actually buy this argument. Even if Taiwan does follow the HK model, China has broken their promises to HK, which just shows Taiwanese that China cannot be trusted.

As Ma insists on implementing policies that would drain the Taiwanese economy (e.g. encouraging more Taiwanese business to go to China when China’s economy is going downhill; boosting inflation by huge and sudden increases in petrol prices and electricity charges as well as massive government spending on infrastructures or building projects that are clearly not needed), it does make one wonder whether Ma is helping China close the gap between the two countries by dragging Taiwan down and pouring Taiwanese funds into China so that Taiwan can be forced to unify with China. Because democracy has developed for decades in Taiwan, I am worried about the possibility of a massacre in Taiwan if Taiwanese don’t do more right now to stop Ma from handing Taiwan to China. 

Xtra Jreng

Hemaviton Energy Drink dan Hemaviton Jreng adalah merek minuman energi yang diproduksi oleh Tempo Group. Hemaviton Jreng adalah salah satu merek minuman energi yang ternama yang merupakan merek Indonesia asli, bersama Extra Joss dan Kuku Bima Ener-G.

Iklan Hemaviton Jreng di media cetak dan elektronik melibatkan beberapa selebriti Indonesia papan atas seperti Lola Amaria, Komeng, Happy Salma, Tarsan, dll.

Xtra Hot

Hari ini saya dan keluarga akan mencoba makan ke Xtra Hot outlet (lumayan) baru yang terletak di Terban, selatan Mirota Kampus dan timur Pondok Cabe Terban. Makanan yang ada sama saja seperti warung Xtra Hot yang lain namun yang sedikit membedakan ialah suasananya yang lebih cozy karena Xtra Hot Terban ini memang bekas tempat Seven Resto. Ruangannya terdiri dari indoor dan outdoor. Untuk ruangan indoor ada beberapa meja yang dilengkapi dengan sofa. Untuk ruangan outdoor lebih alami dengan meja berpayung.

Menu yang tersedia di Xtra Hot Terban:

Makanan (Rp 2.000 - Rp 19.000) :

• burung dara goreng/bakar


• paha/dada/kepala ayam goreng/bakar


• lele/nila/bandeng/bawal goreng/bakar


• tempe/tahu goreng/bakar


• telor goreng


• sate usus/brutu/ati/ampela goreng/bakar


• oseng-oseng daun pepaya/ayam/tempe/usus


• nasi putih


• nasi uduk

Aneka sambal (Rp 1.000 - Rp 1.500) :

• uleg


• merah


• salad


• hijau


• bawang


• teri, dll

Minuman (Rp 1.000 - Rp 7.000) :

• teh


• jeruk


• milo


• fruit punch


• soda


• aneka minuman botol dan soft drink


• kelapa muda


• cingcau


• aneka juice, dll